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The Faces Of Science: African
Americans In the Sciences
http://www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/faces.html
The Harvard University Civil
Rights Project Study On National Resegregation Trends In American Public Schools
http://www.civilrightsproject.harvard.edu/news/pressreleases.php/record_id=42/
NAACP Education Department
http://www.naacp.org/work/education/education.shtml
Status and Trends In the
Education Of Blacks (2003): A Report From the National Center For Education
Statistics (NCES)
http://nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2003034
Brown Foundation For Educational
Equity, Excellence and Research
http://www.brownvboard.org/foundatn/foundatn.htm
Brown v. Board Of Education
50th Anniversary Commission Of the US Department Of Education
http://www.ed.gov/about/bdscomm/list/brownvboard50th/index.html
Brown v Board Of Education
National Historic Site
http://www.nps.gov/brvb/
"Horizons of Opportunities:
Celebrating 50 Years Of Brown v. Board of Education - May 17, 1954-2004"
From the National Education Association (NEA)
http://www.nea.org/brownvboard/
NAACP Brown Anniversary
Commemoration
http://www.naacp.org/BvBE/
These books are a good place to start learning about the history of education for African Americans. They are all available in the University of Georgia's Main Library.
Anderson, J. D. (1988).
The Education Of Blacks In the South, 1860-1935.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
LC2802 .S9 A53 1988
Aptheker, H., ed. (2001).
The education of Black People : Ten Critiques 1906-1960.
New York : Monthly Review Press.
LC2781 .D82 2001
Brown, T. (2002). Faithful,
Firm, and True : African American Education in the South.
Macon, Ga. : Mercer University Press.
LC2779 .B76 2002
Denbo, S.J. and Beaulieu,
L.M., eds. (2002). Improving Schools for African American Students : A Reader
for Educational Leaders.
Springfield, Ill. : C.C. Thomas.
LC2717 .I46 2002
Foster, M. (1997). Black
Teachers On Teaching.
New York: The New Press.
LA2311 .F67 1997
Franklin, V. P. (1979).
The Education Of Black Philadelphia: The Social and Educational History
Of a Minority Community, 1900-1950.
Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
LC2802 .P4 F72
McMahon, K.J. (2004). Reconsidering
Roosevelt on Race : How the Presidency Paved the Road to Brown.
Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
E807 .M38 2004
Prendergast, C. (2003).
Literacy and Racial Justice : The Politics of Learning after Brown v. Board
of Education.
Carbondale : Southern Illinois University Press.
LC2731 .P72 2003
Provenzo, E.F., ed. (2002).
Du Bois on Education.
Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield.
LB875 .D83 D833 2002
Siddle Walker, V. (1996).
Their Highest Potential: An African American School Community In the Segregated
South.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
LC2802 .N8 S53 1996
Also available as an electronic text through GALILEO
via netLibrary.
Spring, J.H. (2001). Deculturalization
and the Struggle for Equality : A Brief History of the Education of Dominated
Cultures in the United States.
Boston : McGraw-Hill.
LC3731 .S68 2001
Tushnet, Mark V. (1987).
The NAACP’s Legal Strategy Against Segregated Education, 1925-1950.
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
KF4155 .T87 1987
Tyack, D. (1974). The
One Best System: A History Of American Urban Education.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
LC5131 .T92
Also available as an electronic text through GALILEO
via netLibrary.
Wells, A.S. & Crain,
R.L. (1997). Stepping Over the Color Line: African-American Students In
\Wwhite Suburban Schools.
New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
LC214.23 .S22 W45 1997
Webber, T. L. (1978). Deep
Like the Rivers: Education In the Slave Quarter Community, 1831-1865.
New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
E443 .W4 1978
1865-1870:
The "Civil War Amendments" to the Constitution (the 13th, 14th, and
15th) abolish slavery and guarantee the rights of citizenship for African-Americans,
but education remains under the control of state governments.
1896:
In Plessy v. Ferguson, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that "separate but
equal" educational systems for blacks and whites were not "unreasonable"
and thus did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. In reality, the two systems
are in no sense equal.
1954-1955:
In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the U.S. Supreme Court rules
that segregated education violates the Constitution because it is harmful to
black people, overturning Plessy. To avoid outright defiance by Southern states,
the Court sets no deadline for desegregation.
1957:
Governor Orval Faubus calls out the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine
black students from entering Little Rock's Central High School. President Eisenhower
places the state's National Guard under federal control, and the students enter
the school under the protection of 1,000 U.S. Army troops.
1961:
The University of Georgia is desegregated when Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne
Hunter enroll. Their entry is preceded by a cross burning and followed by a
riot.
1962:
Education-related violence peaks at the University of Mississippi. Governor
Ross Barnett orders state police to stop James Meredith from registering. When
President Kennedy's attempt to negotiate a peaceful solution fails, he orders
federal troops into Oxford to protect Meredith. Hundreds of whites riot, and
shots are fired at the soldiers. Thousands of federal troops occupy the town,
and the last 500 remain until Meredith graduates.
1963:
Governor George Wallace of Alabama swears to "stand at the schoolhouse
door" to block the admission of black students to the state university.
He negotiates with the federal government to allow him to do just that and then
step aside when the students, accompanied by federal marshals, appear.
1964:
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act attempts the desegregation of public colleges
by denying federal funds to any program or activity that discriminates on the
basis of race, color, or national origin.
To enforce the Civil Rights Act, the national government adopts "affirmative action" policies. Some social resources, such as admission to universities, are given to individuals because they belong to certain groups, to compensate those groups for past discrimination.
1968:
The Brown v. Board of Education decision is fully implemented, after thirteen
years: public K-12 education in the United States is finally desegregated.
The Supreme Court rules that state governments must not only stop enforcing legal segregation but also actively promote desegregation.
1971:
The Supreme Court says that busing could be used to achieve racial balance in
schools. Real integration begins in many communities, along with violent protests
and accelerated "white flight" to suburbs.
1978:
In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, a divided Supreme Court
decides in a confusing opinion that race can be used as one of several factors
in college admissions but cannot be the only factor or the deciding factor.
Colleges could no longer set aside a certain number of places (a "quota")
for members of minority groups.
The Supreme Court rules that school districts can be released from court supervision after taking all "practicable" steps to eliminate the legacy of segregation. Under this ruling, school districts do not have to compensate for segregated housing patterns.
1992:
The Supreme Court rules that school districts do not have to meet all six goals
of desegregation (student assignment, faculty, staff, transportation, extracurricular
activities and facilities) to be released from court supervision on any one;
schools can desegregate incrementally.
1995:
The Supreme Court rules that low minority achievement scores are not evidence
of a district's failure to desegregate, removing the "achievement gap"
from legal discussions of education equity.
2001:
The 11th Circuit Court of Appeals says the University of Georgia's undergraduate
affirmative action program as unconstitutional because it relies on "mechanistic
formulas" rather than reviewing student applications in their entirety.
Arguing that its mission of service requires it to encourage attendance by Georgia's
large African-American population, UGA turns its efforts to recruitment.
2003:
The Supreme Court upholds the principles of affirmative action when it strikes
down the University of Michigan's undergraduate admissions program but allows
the use of race in that university's law school admissions program because it
is "narrowly tailored…to further a compelling interest in obtaining
the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body."
2004:
The Harvard Civil Rights Project issues a report on school segregation in the
United States, finding that schools which were highly integrated in 1991 were
becoming heavily resegregated by 2001, and that " in some states with very
low black populations, school segregation is soaring as desegregation efforts
are abandoned." Read
more at http://www.civilrightsproject.harvard.edu/news/pressreleases.php/record_id=42/
Special
thanks to Dr. Derrick
Alridge of the Department of Social
Foundations of Education for bibliographic recommendations and to Robert
Rhudy of SPIA for the
timeline.
Visit the University of Georgia's Black History Month 2004 calendar of events.
For
more information, contact the University of Georgia Libraries Media Department
at 583-0212
or Mary Miller, mlmiller@uga.edu
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Last
update: March 4,
2004 |